The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) highlights a significant shift in global trade dynamics due to the accelerating demand for critical minerals. This transformation primarily stems from the transition to clean energy and the expansion of the digital economy. In this context, UNCTAD emphasizes the need for enhanced international cooperation to ensure sustainable supply chains.
A recent UNCTAD report predicts that global demand for lithium could increase by up to 353% by 2040 compared to 2024 levels. Additionally, the demand for graphite is expected to grow by 131% during the same period. These projections reflect a substantial shift towards renewable energy and modern technologies.
Despite the rising demand, the global supply of these minerals remains highly concentrated. For instance, the Democratic Republic of the Congo accounted for 74% of cobalt production in 2025. Meanwhile, Indonesia produced 67% of nickel, and China dominated with 69% of rare earth elements. This concentration raises concerns about supply stability.
The report urges nations to strengthen international collaboration and diversify supply sources. It is crucial to implement trade policies that support resource-rich countries while accelerating the transition to a low-carbon global economy. These measures are vital for ensuring sustainable supplies and meeting the growing demand.
Enhancing international cooperation and diversifying sources of critical minerals are essential for achieving sustainable development. Countries must foster partnerships with mineral-producing nations and adopt modern technologies to ensure resource sustainability. This approach will contribute to building a secure and sustainable economic future.
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